Полтавський державний медичний університет та Всеукраїнська громадська організація «Наукове товариство анатомів, гістологів, ембріологів і топографанатомів України»
IN BLESSED MEMORY OF PROFESSOR HALYNA YEROSHENKO
On January 12, 2026, the earthly journey of the Head of the Department of Biology of Poltava State Medical University, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Interdepartmental Scientific Research and Educational Morphological Laboratory of the Poltava State Medical University, Editor-in-Chief of the scientific journal “World of Medicine and Biology”, member of the Scientific Society of Anatomists, Histologists, Embryologists and Topographic Anatomists of Ukraine, Academician of the International Academy of Integrative Anthropology, and above all – a bright and sensitive person – Halyna Anatoliivna Yeroshenko, prematurely ended.
Copyright (c) 2026 World of Medicine and Biology
NANOCOMPOSITІON FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC APICAL PERIODONTITIS AND BONE REPAIR
This paper presents a clinical case of diagnosing the density of the alveolar bone of the mandible and its architectonics in a patient with chronic apical periodontitis. The density of the alveolar bone of the mandible was determined in the periapical areas of the affected teeth. The results were evaluated in Hounsfield units using the classification of bone tissue types by C. E. Misch. The clinical study evaluated the effectiveness of treating chronic apical periodontitis with a phosphate buffer using the proposed method. The article describes the mechanism of action of this composition, which stimulates bone mineralization and promotes the restoration of mineralized bone tissue structures. As a result of the chemical reactions between the two reagents, a nanocomposite structure forms. In 85.2 % of treatment cases, a positive result was obtained. We carried out the specified diagnostic algorithm for the individualized treatment of chronic apical periodontitis. Analysis of the obtained results (change in density from D4 to D3) indicates the effectiveness of phosphate buffer in the apical region of the periodontium. In further studies, it is planned to continue studying the density of bone tissue of the periapical structures of the upper jaw.
ANTI-GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE DISEASE: CURRENT INSIGHTS INTO ETIOPATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, DIAGNOSIS, AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
The purpose of the study was to perform a bibliometric analysis of the global catalog of scientific literature indexed in leading scientometric databases, in order to identify the chronological dynamics of anti-glomerular basement membrane disease detection and to analyze data on its etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and treatment strategies. The literature search was conducted using a specialized query that combined terms related to hemorrhagic pulmonary-renal syndrome in the context of anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (Goodpasture syndrome). The year of publication, document type, industry affiliation, as well as geographical and institutional distribution were analyzed using a quantitative-structural-analytical method. The results of the analysis demonstrated that original clinical studies and systematic reviews were the most common, and that the overall structure reflects the predominance of empirical research in the study of anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, highlighting the high level of clinical relevance, validity, and reliability of the information. The lack of information about this life-threatening pathology, the ambiguity of its epidemiology, the rarity of documented cases of anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, insufficient understanding of autoimmune reactions, variability of its clinical manifestations, and the growing interest in this issue due to increasing morbidity, among patients-especially after coronavirus disease-determine the relevance of the study.
CONTEMPORARY SCIENTIFIC TRENDS IN MITRAL VALVE EVALUATION FOR TRANSCATHETER MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT PLANNING BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Mitral regurgitation is one of the most common valvular diseases in aging populations, and the structural complexity of the mitral valve together with the heterogeneity of regurgitation mechanisms necessitates precise multimodality imaging. While echocardiography remains the first-line modality, computed tomography has become essential for pre-procedural evaluation in transcatheter mitral valve replacement, offering accurate annular measurements, detailed subvalvular assessment, and prediction of the neo-left ventricular outflow tract. This review summarizes current evidence on the role of CT in anatomical assessment of the mitral valve and transcatheter mitral valve replacement planning, incorporating methodological frameworks developed by leading structural imaging groups, including approaches to saddle-shaped versus D-shaped annular modeling, dynamic annular behavior, and device-specific considerations. CT provides high spatial resolution and reproducibility, and further standardization of CT-based annular modeling and neo-LVOT prediction remains crucial as TMVR technologies continue to evolve.
A CASE OF A GUNSHOT WOUND TO THE PHARYNX
The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the specific features of managing an isolated through-and-through gunshot wound of the neck involving the pharynx, with defects of the lateral pharyngeal walls and the epiglottis. Patient S., 48 years old, sustained a gunshot injury while wearing body armor and a helmet during a small-arms engagement. Following the injury, he remained at his position for seven days, during which only prehospital first aid was provided. On the seventh day after injury, the patient was evacuated to a temporary medical facility, where wound debridement was performed. Two hours later, he was transferred to the Northern Region Military Medical Clinical Center. The diagnosis was established as follows: isolated through-and-through gunshot wound of zone II of the neck, penetrating the pharynx, with defects of the lateral pharyngeal walls, injury to the epiglottis, and a soft tissue defect of the neck. Surgical intervention was performed and included tracheostomy, secondary surgical debridement of the anterior neck wounds, necrectomy, laryngeal exploration, and tamponade of the oropharyngo-hypopharynx. In the neck region an additional procedure was carried out consisting of a mini-laparotomy and placement of a Witzel gastrostomy to provide enteral nutrition. On the second day after admission, the patient was transferred to the next level of medical care. This clinical case illustrates an extremely rare gunshot injury of zone II of the neck with near-complete destruction of the pharynx. High-quality prehospital care provided over a seven-day period under tactical conditions prevented the development of wound infection, aspiration, and asphyxia. At the Role III level, a minimally sufficient surgical approach was deliberately chosen to preserve native tissues for subsequent reconstructive procedures which allowed to prevent patient’s life-threatening complications.
SCIENTIFIC EVOLUTION AND GLOBAL TRENDS IN THE STUDY OF MORBID OBESITY AND MENTAL HEALTH INTERCONNECTIONS
The purpose of the study was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the world catalogue of scientific literature, which was indexed in leading scientific databases in order to identify the time dynamics of the issue, its structure, and the most common research vectors of the comorbidity of morbid obesity and affective pathology. The quantitative and structural-analytical method was chosen and a specialised search query used that combined terms relevant to severe obesity and anxiety-depressive disorders. The year of publication, type of document, industry membership, geographic and institutional distribution and funding profiles were reviewed. The findings showed a steady interest increase to this scientific field and that original clinical studies and systematic reviews were the most common. The United States and Chinese research centres were the most productive contributors in terms of the number of publications, which is based on the globalisation of interdisciplinary enquiry in the fields of bariatric medicine and psychiatry. The thematic distribution validates the collaboration of the clinical, neurobiological, and immunometabolic approaches. According to a synthesis of existing research, there is a bidirectional pathophysiological connection between morbid obesity and anxiety-depressive disorders, with the key roles being played by chronic low-grade inflammation, neuroinflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, insulin resistance, and neuroplasticity losses. The tendency of linking the severity of obesity to psychological distress proves the importance of including psychiatric screening into the management regimes of the severely obese patients. These findings support the development of this field as an independent interdisciplinary area and shed light on the opportunities to create individualized treatment approaches in consideration of immunometabolic phenotype and the impact of chronic stress.
PSYCHO-NEUROTIC DISORDERS PREDETERMINANTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CLINICAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
The purpose of the study was to highlight recent ideas regarding the predeterminants of the development of psychoneurotic disorders from an interdisciplinary perspective in integrative anthropology. This review highlights the leading determinants of the development of psycho-neurotic disorders from the perspectives of clinical pathophysiology and differential psychophysiology. A systematic analysis of studies from 2020 to 2025, taken from the medical databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and SCOPUS, outlines four principal predeterminants associated with a high risk of psycho-neurotic disorders, especially, individual personality characteristics (premorbid distinctive character traits), genetic determination of the nervous system fundamental properties, environmental factors and dysregulation of nervous, endocrine and immune systems. The authors focus attention on the necessity of a systemic and integrative approach to identifying interindividual variability in psychological characteristics from the standpoints of clinical pathophysiology, psychogenetics, and differential psychophysiology. In their conclusion, the authors emphasize that pre-nosological diagnostics of borderline mental states and determination of the degree of risk of possible transition of psycho-neurotic disorders into neuroses should be based on taking into account the determinants of such disorders, which are a promising preventive direction for health preservation of broad segments of the Ukrainian population.
RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL CONDITIONS IN NEWBORNS
Over recent decades, reducing neonatal mortality has remained a priority for global health systems. Modern advances in neonatology - including the establishment of perinatal centers and improvements in intensive care-have contributed to lower mortality. Nevertheless, complications and long-term consequences among survivors remain a major concern. This review analyzes current literature on risk factors for the development of critical conditions in newborns, including premature birth, hypoxia, infectious processes, and congenital anomalies. We also examine how initial stabilization and resuscitation in the delivery room affect the frequency and outcomes of critical conditions, noting that multiple organ failure triggered by hypoxia and systemic inflammation is the principal mechanism. Numerous studies show that prevention and early detection of hypoxia, congenital anomalies, and infections substantially-improve outcomes-especially for preterm infants - reducing both neonatal mortality and early disability. Further research to refine risk stratification for critical illness in neonates is essential to improving quality of life for newborns.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EMBRYO- AND CARDIOPROTECTIVE ROLE OF ZINC SUCCINATE IN RELATION TO CADMIUM CHLORIDE TOXICITY
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading causes of mortality worldwide and in Ukraine. The current direction of modern morphological research is to determine the changes that occur in vivo under the influence of cadmium compounds on the fertilization process, embryogenesis, and formation and development of the heart. The aim of the experiment was to determine changes in heart morphogenesis and the main indicators of embryogenesis under conditions of chronic daily exposure to cadmium chloride with isolated administration and in combination with zinc succinate. The data obtained demonstrated a complex, dose-dependent nature of the interaction of cadmium chloride with the essential trace element zinc succinate. In the heart tissues of adult female rats and its embryos, the level of cadmium accumulation decreased with the combined administration of the studied substances. Also, the simultaneous administration of zinc succinate with cadmium chloride significantly reduced the effects of embryo- and cardiotoxicity of cadmium, which allows us to consider zinc succinate as a potential protector or bioantagonist of the toxic properties of cadmium chloride in the studied doses and method of administration in the experiment on rats.
GLOBAL TRENDS AND RISK FACTORS OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
Low birth weight, defined as a birth weight below 2500 grams, remains a major global health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where over 95 % of cases with low birth weight occur. This review synthesizes current global and regional trends, prevalence estimates, and associated risk factors for low birth weight based on data from WHO, UNICEF, and peer-reviewed studies. Key determinants include preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal undernutrition, anemia, socioeconomic status, and limited access to quality antenatal care. Despite advances in healthcare, progress toward reducing low birth weight has been slow and uneven across regions. The review underscores the need for improved data quality, targeted interventions, and comprehensive maternal health strategies to reduce low birth weight-related mortality and long-term complications. Strengthening perinatal care, improving maternal education, and addressing social determinants are essential steps toward achieving global child health targets.
EFFECT OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND CYSTEINE ON AORTIC TONE IN RATS WITH DIFFERENT THYROID STATUS
Impaired thyroid function is recognized as a major contributor to endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. This study examined the vascular effects of sulfur-containing compounds in rats with experimentally induced hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Thoracic aortic segments were analyzed to assess contractile responses to cysteine and hydrogen sulfide. The results demonstrated that hypothyroidism significantly reduced vascular relaxation, as shown by a rightward shift of dose-response curves and increased effective concentrations of the test substances. In contrast, hyperthyroidism did not produce notable changes in vascular tone. These findings indicate that thyroid hormone deficiency leads to pronounced endothelial dysfunction manifested as diminished sensitivity of the vascular wall to vasodilators. The study expands understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating vascular tone under endocrine disorders and suggests new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular conditions associated with thyroid dysfunction.
EFFECT OF A THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE COMPLEX ON THE BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF RATS’ GUMS UNDER CONDITIONS OF A CARIES-INDUCING DIET AND DIETARY VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY ON THE BACKGROUND OF JAW BONE TISSUE DESTRUCTION
The study was devoted to assessing the effect of the proposed therapeutic and prophylactic regimen on the biochemical parameters of the gingival mucosa in rats under conditions of a cariogenic diet and dietary vitamin D deficiency against a background of jawbone destruction. Experimental studies were conducted on 30 four-month-old Wistar rats. During the experiment, the animals were divided into three groups of 10 rats each: Group 1 – intact; Group 2 – trauma to the lower jaw region in the projection of the molar roots and modeling of dietary vitamin D deficiency against a background of a high-sugar cariogenic diet; Group 3 – pathology model and application of a therapeutic-preventive complex. Gingival homogenates were prepared, and levels of biochemical markers of systemic inflammation were determined: elastase activity and malondialdehyde content, as well as urease, lysozyme, and catalase activity. The therapeutic and preventive use of the proposed complex in rats contributes to the inhibition of the identified disorders, normalizing the studied parameters to the levels of intact animals, which indicates the pronounced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of the complex.
NEUROTROPHIC AND GLIAL MARKERS OF NERVOUS TISSUE RECOVERY IN ACUTE CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS: EFFECTS OF CELLULAR THERAPY WITH ANTIOXIDANT
Acute cerebrovascular disorders remain one of the leading causes of mortality and disability, highlighting the relevance of finding effective approaches for neuroprotection and stimulation of neurogenesis. Therefore, studying changes in neuronal and glial markers during ischemic brain injury is of particular importance. The experiment was conducted on outbred white rats using a model of focal cerebral ischemia induced by endovascular occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Serum levels of S100b, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and pigment epithelium-derived factor were measured to assess the effects of mesenchymal stem cells and resveratrol. It was found that acute cerebrovascular disorders are accompanied by decreased of neuron-specific enolase and pigment epithelium-derived factor and increased S100b, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, reflecting glial activation and adaptive responses of neural tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells monotherapy partially normalized glial activity, while combined treatment with mesenchymal stem cells and resveratrol produced a more pronounced effect: increased of neuron-specific enolase and pigment epithelium-derived factor and decreased S100b and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. This indicates restoration of neuronal metabolic activity, stimulation of angiogenesis, and optimization of glial-neuronal interactions. The novelty of the study lies in demonstrating the synergistic effect of cell-based antioxidant therapy, which enhances neuroregeneration, reduces oxidative stress, and stabilizes neurotrophic status during the early recovery period. These results are significant for the development of modern pathogenetically justified approaches to the treatment of ischemic brain injury.
TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF ULTRASTRUCTURAL DAMAGE TO THE RAT SCIATIC NERVE UNDER THE EFFECTS OF CISPLATIN, PACLITAXEL, AND THEIR CONCURRENT ADMINISTRATION
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy remains one of the most common dose-limiting complications of cisplatin- and paclitaxel-based regimens. The aim of the study was to characterize the ultrastructural changes and their temporal dynamics in the rat sciatic nerve following separate and combined administration of these agents. Adult male inbred rats were divided into four groups: intact control, paclitaxel (cumulative dose 8 mg/kg i.p.), cisplatin (cumulative dose 16 mg/kg i.p.), and a combination group. During concurrent administration, animals received cisplatin at a dose of 2 mg/kg and paclitaxel at a dose of 5 mg/kg once weekly for six weeks. The selected regimen provided a cumulative dose exposure comparable to standard clinical protocols of paclitaxel (175 mg/m²) and cisplatin (75 mg/m²) when converted on the basis of body surface area. Sciatic nerve specimens were examined by transmission electron microscopy on days 1, 7, 60, 90, and 120 after treatment initiation, with morphometric assessment of endoneurial capillary basal lamina thickness. Cisplatin induced early and pronounced endothelial-vascular damage (basal lamina thickening up to 255±30 nm, increased micropinocytosis, blood stasis, and perivascular oedema). Paclitaxel predominantly affected the axon-glial unit, causing periaxonal vacuolization, early myelin splitting, and mitochondrial degeneration in Schwann cells. Concurrent administration produced synergistic destruction of all neuro-glio-vascular components, with the most severe basal lamina thickening (280±33 nm at day 90), total myelin disorganization, massive axonal loss, and endoneurial fibrosis. By day 120, only partial recovery was observed, with persistent basal lamina thickening and chronic axonal atrophy. The results demonstrate that endothelial dysfunction and impairment of the blood-nerve barrier represent the earliest and leading events in the CIPN cascade. These findings provide morphological evidence for the development of early neuroprotective strategies focused on stabilization of the blood-nerve barrier and mitochondrial homeostasis in patients receiving cisplatin- and paclitaxel-containing chemotherapy.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE MACROPHAGAL LINK OF THE SPLEEN UNDER CONDITIONS OF OXIDATIVE-NITROSATIVE STRESS CAUSED BY PROLONGED ADMINISTRATION OF A COMPLEX OF CHEMICAL FOOD ADDITIVES
The study investigates the effect of long-term administration of a dietary supplement complex on the state of the macrophage link in the spleen of rats. The experiment was conducted on 70 male rats that received a supplement mixture for 1–20 weeks. The levels of malondialdehyde, nitrites, and the immunomorphology of CD68+ macrophages were assessed. A biphasic reaction of the macrophage population was established. In the early stages, an increase in cell number was observed, peaking at week 4, at 1.79 times the control. Chronic exposure led to a marked reduction in cell numbers by week 20, with cell numbers 4.48 times lower than the initial values. Morphological analysis revealed progressive cell fragmentation, atrophy of the marginal zone, and decreased immunohistochemical staining intensity. Structural degradation of the macrophage apparatus closely correlated with the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products. The study demonstrates the mechanism of depletion of the spleen's immune barrier under prolonged xenobiotic stress.
MICROSCOPIC AND MORPHOMETRIC CHANGES IN THE PULMONARY MICROVASCULATURE OF LABORATORY RATS THREE HOURS AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF LEIURUS MACROCTENUS SCORPION VENOM
Three hours after administration of Leiurus macroctenus scorpion venom, pronounced structural and functional disturbances of the microcirculatory bed develop in the lungs of laboratory rats. Among the microscopic changes, marked congestion of small-caliber vessels predominates, combined with their narrowing caused by edema of both the vascular walls and the stromal component of the lung. In addition, a pronounced inflammatory reaction is observed, characterized by massive leukocyte migration with a predominance of segmented neutrophils and activation of basophils in the perivascular space. Disruption of vascular wall integrity is accompanied by various microscopic alterations, including structural disorganization, stratification, and the development of perivascular edema. In most fields of view, pulmonary tissue demonstrates foci of hemorrhage and fibrin thrombi formation in small-caliber vessels. Morphometric analysis confirms a statistically significant decrease in the internal diameter of arterioles, capillaries, and venules (p=0.004, p=0.007, and p=0.0002, respectively) compared with the control group. The overall spectrum of identified microscopic changes indicates the development of acute inflammatory and thrombohemorrhhagic disturbances of blood circulation in the small pulmonary vessels in response to the toxic effect of Leiurus macroctenus scorpion venom.
CYTOKINE PROFILE AND STRESS-RESPONSE SIGNALING MARKERS IN RAT SPLEEN AFTER LEIURUS MACROCTENUS VENOM ADMINISTRATION
This study evaluated time-dependent changes in inflammatory mediators and stress-associated signaling molecules in the spleen of rats after a single intramuscular administration of L. macroctenus venom at a dose corresponding to the median lethal dose. Venom exposure induced an early increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines within one hour, followed by delayed elevation of anti-inflammatory cytokines at 24 hours. Concurrent increases in nuclear factor kappa B, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, as well as heat shock proteins 60 and 70 indicated activation of inflammatory transcriptional pathways and cellular stress responses. By the end of the observation period (72 hours), most parameters approached control values. These findings demonstrate coordinated and reversible immune modulation in splenic tissue and highlight the involvement of secondary lymphoid organs in systemic responses to scorpion envenomation.
FROZEN-DRIED HUMAN CORD BLOOD LEUKOCONCENTRATE AS A DRIVER OF HSP70 PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND TOLEROGENIC DENDRITIC CELLS FORMATION
Dendritic cells play a leading role in regulating the immune response, particularly in the induction of immune tolerance. The heat shock protein Hsp70 is known for its immunomodulatory properties. To date, its participation in the formation of the tolerogenic phenotype and function of dendritic cells remains poorly understood. The effect of frozen-dried human cord blood leukoconcentrate on the expression of Hsp70 protein in dendritic cells and the associated changes in their functional state was analyzed. The dose-dependent ability of frozen-dried human cord blood leukoconcentrate to induce Hsp70 expression in dendritic cells derived from mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells was established, indicating its regulatory potential. It has been shown that, under the influence of frozen-dried human cord blood leukoconcentrate, the expression of the Hsp70 protein in dendritic cells increases, thereby enhancing their tolerogenic function by increasing the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The results emphasize the key role of the Hsp70 protein in inducing immune tolerance and also open up prospects for the use of frozen-dried human cord blood leukoconcentrate in the treatment of autoimmune pathologies.
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL SKULLS BY THE ANATOMICAL CRANIAL INDEX
The article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of skull occurrence frequency in women and men, with and without skull deformation, using index indicators. A total of 254 skulls (200 without artificial deformations and 54 with deformations) from the craniological collection of the Azerbaijan Medical University were analyzed. Pearson's chi-square analysis was used to determine the relationship between the parameters. It was determined that there was a relationship between the height-length parameter between skull types with and without deformation in men. These parameters were close in the presence and absence of deformation in men. In women, there was a relationship between the width-length index with and without deformation. There was a statistically significant relationship for this index among women, regardless of skull condition.
FEATURES OF SOMATOTYPE COMPONENTS AND BODY MASS COMPOSITION PARAMETERS IN UKRAINIAN MEN WITH ALOPECIA AREATA
It was established that in Ukrainian men with alopecia areata overall, as well as in those with grade I, II, and III severity, compared with practically healthy men, the value of the ectomorphic somatotype component (respectively decreased by 43.87 % – 30.57 % – 51.79 % – 59.55 %) and the bone component of body mass calculated according to Matejko’s formulas (respectively decreased by 16.24 % – 18.01 % – 14.29 % – 16.02 %) were significantly lower. In contrast, the muscle and fat components of body mass according to Matiegka (respectively increased by 14.00 % – 11.07 % – 15.34 % – 18.09 % and by 11.61 % – 6.00 % – 15.43 % – 15.82 %), as well as, except for grade I severity, the muscle component of body mass calculated according to the formulas of the American Institute of Nutrition (respectively increased by 11.55 % – 13.39 % – 17.30 %), were significantly higher or showed a tendency toward higher values. Among Ukrainian men with alopecia areata, most comparisons demonstrated tendencies toward higher values in patients with grade II severity for the endomorphic somatotype component (by 7.37 %) and fat mass according to Matejko (by 10.03 %), as well as in patients with grade III severity for muscle mass according to Matejko (by 7.90 %) and the American Institute of Nutrition (by 10.48 %), and fat mass according to Matejko (by 10.46 %), compared with patients with grade I severity.
HE4, CA-125, ROMA INDEX, AND TUMOR RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN POSTMENOPAUSAL OVARIAN AND CERVICAL CANCER
Ovarian and cervical cancers are among the most common gynecologic malignancies in postmenopausal women, and reliable biomarkers are essential for accurate diagnosis and risk stratification. The study aims to evaluate the clinical relevance of serum HE4 and CA-125 levels, the ROMA index, and tumor receptor expression (ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67) in postmenopausal patients with ovarian and cervical cancer. A total of 45 postmenopausal ovarian cancer patients (age Me=58.4) and 38 postmenopausal cervical cancer patients (Me=59.3;) were enrolled. Serum HE4 and CA-125 were measured using the fully automated Integra 411 analyzer. Tumor receptor status (ER, HR, HER2, Ki-67) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. ROMA index was calculated for ovarian cancer patients. Elevated levels of HE4 and CA-125 were observed in both ovarian and cervical cancer patients. In ovarian cancer patients, circulating tumor biomarkers increased markedly with tumor progression. HE4 demonstrated a strong positive correlation with CA-125 and the ROMA index, indicating a close association between these biomarkers in ovarian malignancy. Additionally, HE4 showed moderate correlations with tumor receptor expression, including ER, PR, HER2, and the proliferative marker Ki-67, suggesting a link between biomarker levels and tumor biological activity. In cervical cancer patients, HE4 and CA-125 also exhibited moderate correlations with receptor expression and Ki-67, reflecting a similar pattern of association between circulating biomarkers and tumor characteristics. Overall, the ROMA index effectively differentiated high-risk ovarian cancer patients from lower-risk groups and showed a strong association with HE4 levels. Integrated analysis of HE4, CA-125, ROMA index, and receptor expression may improve early detection, risk assessment, and individualized treatment in postmenopausal patients with ovarian and cervical cancer.
ALVEOLAR BONE CHANGES IN EARLY STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS
With the purpose to investigate the radio-densitometric characteristics of the mandible in patients with chronic kidney disease and chronic generalized periodontitis in total 110 patients were involved. The subjects were submitted to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The vertical density values also showed considerable variation, ranging from 94.3 to 123 arbitrary units. The bone density along the alveolar horizontal line (toward the focus of destruction) was 71.6±5.12 arbitrary units, while along the middle horizontal line, they ranged from 72 to 103.8 arbitrary units. In patients with mix form of destruction showed that in patient with mild chronic generalized periodontitis alveolar horizontal measurement was 83.5±3.54 arbitrary units, in those with moderate chronic generalized periodontitis – 71.6±2.55 arbitrary units. Vertical measurement results ranged from 39.1 to 117.3 arbitrary units. Thus, patients with chronic kidney disease and chronic generalized periodontitis exhibit significant alterations in alveolar bone mineral density, which correlate with the severity of periodontal destruction.
GENOTYPING OF FN1 AND VWF GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN PROGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PERITONEAL ADHESION DISEASE
Adhesion disease of the peritoneum is one of the difficult and unsolved problems of surgery. The polymorphism of the FN1 and VWF genes was detected by the cytogenetics method through the cultivation of peripheral blood leukocytes and the technology of preparing chromosomal preparations with differential methods of chromosome staining, and in the presence of the FN1 and VWF gene polymorphisms, the development was predicted adhesion disease. 45 patients were classified into 3 groups: 15 people who underwent planned surgery for incisional ventral hernias; 15 people who were urgently operated on for acute adhesion intestinal obstruction; 15 people who were not operated on the organs of the abdominal cavity. The analysis of the results of the examination of genetic factors in patients with different degrees of severity and prevalence of peritoneal adhesion disease in patients with acute adhesion intestinal obstruction indicates the presence of a relationship between the pronounced polymorphism of the FN1 and VWF genes and the severity of the manifestation of the adhesion disease syndrome. In the presence of chromosomal aberrations, corresponding biochemical disorders are observed.
ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH INTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTIONS
This study evaluated the clinical and epidemiological features of intestinal nematode infections in Azerbaijan during 2022–2024. Preventive educational activities and parasitological examinations were conducted among 2,800 individuals, with dynamic laboratory assessment before and after deworming in 168 infected patients aged 1–65 years. A control group included 65 healthy individuals. Infection rates ranged from 7.7 % to 26.5 %, with ascariasis, enterobiasis, and hymenolepiasis being the most prevalent. The highest infestation rates were observed in children, particularly among girls aged 12–15 and boys aged 8–11. Clinical manifestations were dominated by gastrointestinal dysfunction, general weakness, allergic skin reactions, and anemia. The results demonstrate a high prevalence and significant clinical impact of intestinal helminth infections in Azerbaijan, especially in the pediatric population, underscoring the need for improved prevention, diagnostics, and sanitary-epidemiological control.
ASSESSMENT OF THE HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH A COMBINATION OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
The urgency of the problem of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in addition to the increase in morbidity and mortality, is also due to comorbidity, in particular with arterial hypertension, which increases the risk of cardiovascular events. The state of lipid metabolism is of particular importance in this context. The aim of the study was to study the dynamics of lipid metabolism according to the results of antihypertensive therapy in patients with a combination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and arterial hypertension. 58 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and arterial hypertension were examined without gender differences. Arterial hypertension was recorded at blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg. All patients had grade 2 hypertension. A triple combination of perindopril, indapamide and amlodipine, was prescribed as an antihypertensive drug in doses of 10+2.5+10 and 5+1.25+5 mg. Statins were not included in the treatment regimen for both obstructive pulmonary disease and arterial hypertension. Systolic and dystolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were determined. The results of the study showed the high effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy, regardless of the category of patients, as well as its pleiotropic effect in the form of positive dynamics of the atherogenic blood lipid fraction.
EFFECT OF EXAM STRESS ON THE DYNAMICS OF VEGETATIVE INDICATORS OF STUDENTS WITH MELANCHOLIC TEMPERAMENT TYPE
The research work was devoted to the change of vegetative indicators under the influence of the examination process in 32 first-year students depending on the temperament type of the nervous system. The vegetative indicators of students belonging to the melancholic temperament type were determined and recorded in 3 groups: on ordinary days, before the exam and after the exam. Before the exam process, systolic arterial pressure increased 115.9±3.0 mmHg (P<0.05), and diastolic arterial pressure increased to 78.4±3.0 mmHg (P<0.05), respectively. The number of heart beats per minute in the same group of students also increased by 6.7 units to 87.5±3.2 (P<0.05). The differences in vegetative indicators were also observed in all 3 groups. Thus, the results of this study we have obtained can be used in optimizing teaching activities, correcting exam stress, and protecting students' health.
DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 BASED ON CLINICAL AND LABORATORY DATA
Lactate dehydrogenase is an intracellular enzyme that reflects the degree of tissue damage and the intensity of the inflammatory response. In COVID-19 infection, increased lactate dehydrogenase activity is associated with cytolytic damage to lung, liver, and heart cells, as well as the development of systemic hypoxia and metabolic dysfunction. A retrospective analysis of 102 patients treated between June and December 2020 was conducted. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was measured at hospital admission using an automated biochemical analyzer, Cobas c311 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH), in accordance with international laboratory quality standards. The patients were divided into two groups: those with mild-to-moderate disease (n=82) and those with severe disease (n=20). The markers of severity according to which the distribution took place were: saturation (SpO2), computed tomography readings (CT1-4), and the level of C-reactive protein. The average LDH level in the group with a severe course was 913.3±84.7 u/l, significantly higher than in the group with mild/moderate severity (458.0±62.4 u/l; p<0.001). Elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels correlated with elevated ferritin, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer concentrations, indicating systemic inflammation, severe tissue hypoxia, and cellular stress. The observed relationship between lactate dehydrogenase activity and the severity of COVID-19 confirms the pathogenetic role of this enzyme in the development of cytokine storm and multiple organ dysfunction.
INFLUENCE OF VDR (RS731236) AND NOS3 (RS1143634) GENE VARIANTS ON CARDIOMETABOLIC PROFILE INDICATORS IN NEWBORNS
The study of genetic factors that influence the development of hypoxic-ischemic lesions in newborns is a relevant area of modern neonatology. The study analyzed the associations between NOS3 and VDR gene polymorphisms and clinical and cardiohemodynamic indicators in newborns, taking into account the mother's condition. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the CC VDR genotype was associated with a decrease in blood pressure (β=−8.17; p=0.016). The most significant predictor of blood pressure was venous blood pH (OR=0.61, p=0.004). The TT genotype of the NOS3 gene was associated with a significant increase in the risk of hypotension in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic CNS injury (OR=11.7; p=0.043). The identified trends in changes in cardiac function and vascular tone suggest a possible role for genetic mechanisms in shaping individual responses to hypoxia. The results obtained expand understanding of the pathogenesis of neonatal disorders and can inform risk stratification and treatment personalization.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DIFFERENT ETIOPATHOGENETIC VARIANTS OF CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGITIS
The study was devoted to evaluating the clinical manifestations of different etiopathogenetic variants of chronic nasopharyngitis in children, depending on the predominant trigger factors of exacerbations under different associated conditions of the nasopharyngeal zone. A total of 214 children with confirmed chronic nasopharyngitis were divided into three groups: 62 with isolated chronic nasopharyngitis, 41 with chronic nasopharyngitis associated with pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy, and 111 with chronic nasopharyngitis associated with allergic rhinitis. The comparison group included 35 children with recurrent respiratory infections and complete recovery between episodes. Retrospective and prospective assessment, clinical examination, videoendoscopic otorhinolaryngological evaluation, allergological testing, cytological analysis, and microbiological study of nasopharyngeal mucus were performed. Children with isolated chronic nasopharyngitis most commonly demonstrated frequent acute viral rhinosinusitis followed by prolonged bacterial activation; those with pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy showed bacterial predominance in both disease periods; and those with allergic rhinitis exhibited viral-allergic exacerbations with allergic-bacterial persistence between exacerbations.
MULTIMODAL APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF BONE METASTASES USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY WITH COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND OSTEOSCINTIGRAPHY
The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the results of computed tomography, positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography, and osteoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of bone metastases. The diagnostic value and consistency levels of these methods in oncology patients were investigated. The results showed that positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography demonstrates higher diagnostic accuracy in detecting bone metastases and has the ability to provide additional complementary information in cases of discrepancy. Although computed tomography is useful in morphological assessment, in some cases its sensitivity in detecting metastases may be lower. Osteoscintigraphy, while suitable for widespread screening, may result in non-specific findings. Based on the obtained results, practical recommendations for diagnostic conclusions were proposed.