Полтавський державний медичний університет та Всеукраїнська громадська організація «Наукове товариство анатомів, гістологів, ембріологів і топографанатомів України»
CLINICAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE, AND MANAGEMENT OF CEMENTOMAS
Clinicians classify cementoma – a tumor of mesenchymal origin tightly associated with tooth roots – as a variant of odontomas. Conversely, pathomorphologists consider cementomas to be lesions of both neoplastic and dysembryogenetic nature, the common feature of which is the presence of cementum-like tissue in the apical region. We analyzed a clinical case of a mandibular cementoma in the region of tooth 36, detected radiographically in a patient referred by an orthodontist for a consultation regarding the extraction of the follicles of other teeth. The clinical scenario and the definitive diagnosis, given certain discrepancies in the nosological classification of cementomas, prompted us to analyze the literature and summarize our own clinical observations regarding this pathology. The obtained results allowed for the determination of the clinical, diagnostic, and morphological features of specific types of cementomas listed in the WHO International Histological Classification of Tumors, as well as their management strategies. The features distinguishing cementomas from clinically similar pathological processes are presented. Particular attention is paid to condensing osteitis, a variant of chronic apical periodontitis that develops in response to prolonged inflammation.
NON-SURGICAL CORRECTION OF LONG-STANDING CONCOMITANT STRABISMUS
Long-standing concomitant strabismus in childhood is often accompanied by functional complications, including functional suppression scotoma, also known as binocular haploscopic suppression, which interferes with binocular vision restoration and reduces the effectiveness of diploptic treatment. We present the case of a 15-year-old boy with esotropia and functional suppression scotoma. Comprehensive ophthalmological examination included assessment of ocular motility, prism-cover testing, and evaluation of binocular vision using a synoptophore and the special computerized diagnostic and therapeutic program. Initial best-corrected visual acuity was 0.9 in the right eye and 0.8 in the left eye, with esotropia of 30 PD without correction and 15 PD with correction. After a 10-day course of orthoptic therapy, haploscopic binocular vision was restored and the deviation angle decreased. Following diploptic therapy one month later, normal binocular vision with correction was achieved. One year later, orthotropia and stable normal binocular vision were maintained without surgical intervention.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF RAT KIDNEYS UNDER THE ACTION OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
The study provides a comprehensive, in-depth, and systematic analysis of the structural and functional characteristics of the macro- and microscopic organization of rat kidneys under normal conditions, and establishes in detail the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying structural remodeling of excretory system tissues under the toxic effects of the synthetic food dye Ponceau 4R. To fully achieve this aim, the study addresses a complex of interrelated tasks, beginning with a fundamental description of the histotopographic organisation of the intact kidney of the laboratory rat as a reference experimental model. This stage involves a detailed examination of the unilobar architectonics of the organ, the spatial distribution of superficial, midcortical and juxtamedullary nephrons, the relative proportions of their loops, and the microscopic organisation of the renal corpuscle and of the system of convoluted and collecting tubules. It also includes a thorough investigation of the cytotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of the food additive Ponceau 4R at the cellular and tissue levels. This encompasses the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of damage to the components of the renal filtration barrier, the mechanisms of induction of oxidative stress in renal tissue, the initiation of apoptosis of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules, and the aggregation of serum albumin under the action of dye metabolites. The final aspect is the formation of an integrated morphological picture of the pathological changes and haemodynamic disturbances in the kidneys, which will make it possible to provide scientific justification of the biological risks of consumption of this food additive and to create a sound fundamental theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis of alimentary nephropathy and for the further development of strategies for morphological correction of the disturbances detected.
EARLY PREGNANCY FOLLOWING HYSTEROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF COMPLETE HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
Complete hydatidiform mole is a form of gestational trophoblastic disease requiring timely diagnosis, complete uterine evacuation, and careful postoperative monitoring of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels. This article presents a clinical case of a 22-year-old primigravida who presented at 8 weeks of amenorrhea with vaginal bleeding. Transvaginal ultrasound revealed a heterogeneous intrauterine structure with cystic spaces, while serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin was markedly elevated. The patient underwent hysteroscopy-assisted evacuation under general anesthesia using controlled intrauterine pressure, aspiration with a Karmen cannula, and mechanical removal of residual chorionic villi under direct visualization. The procedure was completed without complications, with minimal blood loss and rapid postoperative recovery. Histopathological examination confirmed complete hydatidiform mole. Although beta-human chorionic gonadotropin initially decreased, subsequent elevation raised suspicion of persistent gestational trophoblastic disease. Further evaluation and repeat curettage demonstrated progesterone-related endometrial changes, suggesting early new pregnancy rather than residual molar tissue. This case highlights the diagnostic value of hysteroscopy, the importance of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin surveillance, and the need for early contraceptive counseling after molar evacuation.
ANALYSIS OF CURRENT PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ODONTOGENIC PHLEGMON OF THE MAXILLOFACIAL AREA
Odontogenic phlegmons of the maxillofacial region remain a significant issue in modern clinical medicine due to the increasing incidence and the high risk of complications. Despite advances in diagnostic and treatment methods, these pathological conditions may progress rapidly and lead to severe outcomes, which highlights the need for continuous analysis of current approaches to their management. The purpose of this study was to summarise and analyse data from the current literature on the diagnosis and treatment of odontogenic phlegmons of the maxillofacial region, taking into account the pathogenetic mechanisms of purulent inflammatory processes. The study was conducted as an analytical review of scientific publications indexed in the PubMed databases for the period from 2021 to 2026. Clinical studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses addressing aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical course and modern treatment approaches were included in the analysis. Infectious factors, particularly Gram-positive bacteria, were found to play a leading role in the development of odontogenic phlegmons, alongside comorbidities and individual patient characteristics, including immune response. The importance of early diagnosis using laboratory and instrumental methods, as well as comprehensive treatment combining surgical intervention and rational antibiotic therapy, was demonstrated. Particular attention was paid to the risk of complications such as orbital phlegmon, mediastinitis, sepsis and Ludwig’s angina, as well as to the specific features of disease progression in patients with comorbid conditions and in pregnant women. Effective treatment of odontogenic phlegmons of the maxillofacial region is possible with timely diagnosis, a comprehensive therapeutic approach, and individualised treatment strategies based on the patient’s general condition.
NEUROVISCERAL DYSREGULATION AND SYSTEMIC AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
The purpose of the study was to systematize modern data concerning the autonomic nervous system involvement in alcohol dependence and propose a multi-level integrative model of autonomic dysregulation. An analytical review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus databases. Contemporary clinical and experimental studies were analyzed alongside fundamental research in neurophysiology, neuroendocrine, and neuroimmune regulation. A systems-based and pathophysiological approach was applied. The findings showed systemic autonomic dysfunction formation with multisystem involvement, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, thermoregulatory, urogenital, metabolic-endocrine and immune systems as a result of chronic alcohol exposure. These alterations occur across multiple hierarchical levels of autonomic nervous system organization and are associated with impaired integration of neurovegetative, neuroendocrine, and immune regulatory pathways. The proposed model conceptualizes autonomic dysfunction as a systemic process and provides a framework for the development of targeted diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies in alcohol dependence. Authors conclude that chronic alcohol exposure is associated with systemic autonomic dysfunction which results in regulatory systems generalized disruption. Autonomic dysfunction follows a continuum from subclinical regulatory disturbances to overt organ manifestations, determining disease progression. The proposed integrative model provides a conceptual basis for personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in alcohol dependence.
IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES ON ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AND CARDIOPULMONARY HEALTH IN YOUNG ADULTS
The global use of electronic cigarettes has increased rapidly, particularly among adolescents and young adults, driven by aggressive marketing, flavored products and misconceptions about relative safety. Electronic cigarette aerosols contain nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerol, flavoring chemicals, carbonyl compounds, volatile organic compounds, heavy metals and other toxicants. Current evidence indicates that vaping induces oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, immune dysregulation and structural injury of the respiratory tract. Clinically, electronic cigarette use is associated with electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury, worsening of asthma, decreased lung function and adverse cardiovascular effects, including acute blood pressure and heart rate elevation, impaired flow-mediated dilation and activation of pro-thrombotic pathways. In adolescents, additional concerns relate to neurocognitive development and nicotine dependence. This narrative review summarizes contemporary data on the pulmonary, cardiovascular and immunological effects of electronic cigarettes, compares them with combustible tobacco, highlights gaps in long-term evidence and identifies the need for prospective studies of endothelial and lung injury biomarkers in young users.
CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF POST-COVID SYNDROME
Cutaneous manifestations after coronavirus disease 2019 remain clinically relevant because they may persist after apparent recovery, recur during the postinfectious period, or reveal immune and vascular disturbances that require differential diagnosis. This literature review summarized publications indexed in PubMed and Scopus from 2021 to 2026 that addressed skin and hair changes associated with post-COVID syndrome. The analysis showed that the most frequently discussed dermatological consequences are telogen effluvium, urticarial and maculopapular eruptions, chilblain-like lesions, livedoid and purpuric changes, small-vessel vasculitis, and reactivation or aggravation of chronic dermatoses. The diagnostic approach should be based on a history of confirmed or probable coronavirus disease 2019, timing of lesion onset, clinical morphology, dermoscopic assessment when needed, laboratory markers of inflammation and coagulation in selected patients, and exclusion of drug reactions, autoimmune disease, and other infections. Treatment should be individualized and should prioritize dermatological evaluation, supportive care, anti-inflammatory and antihistamine therapy, topical agents, vascular risk assessment, and referral for systemic therapy only when clinically justified.
FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT, CLINICAL COURSE, AND MANAGEMENT OF OVERLAP SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
Irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases are common gastroenterological conditions that significantly affect patients' quality of life and create diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical manifestations. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission often continue to experience symptoms characteristic of irritable bowel syndrome, forming the so-called overlap syndrome. This study analyzed clinical records and observational data of patients with a combined course of inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. A comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, laboratory and instrumental findings, and therapeutic outcomes was performed. The results showed that overlap syndrome occurs in a significant proportion of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission, with the main features including persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, increased intestinal sensitivity, and impaired quality of life. Standard anti-inflammatory therapies were found to be insufficient for controlling functional symptoms, highlighting the need for an integrated approach that combines baseline treatment of inflammatory processes with strategies for managing irritable bowel syndrome. The novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive description of pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical features, and treatment outcomes of overlap syndrome, providing practical guidance for gastroenterologists and improving the accuracy of assessing disease activity. Systematic symptom monitoring and individualized therapy were shown to enhance patient management, reduce the frequency of relapses, and improve quality of life, representing a significant contribution to global gastroenterological practice.
FRONTAL SINUS DRAINAGE SCORE AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSING OUTFLOW PATHWAYS AND GUIDING TREATMENT IN CHRONIC FRONTAL SINUSITIS
The frontal sinus is one of the most challenging areas in endoscopic surgery due to significant anatomical variability and the complexity of its drainage pathways, which increases the risk of chronic inflammation and recurrence. The aim of the study was to summarise current data on factors influencing the drainage function of the frontal sinus and to develop an approach to its quantitative assessment. An analysis of international and national publications was conducted, including data from computed tomography, anatomical studies and systematic reviews. It was established that the key factors in drainage impairment are a narrowing of the frontal recess to three millimetres or less, an elongation of the drainage pathway beyond ten millimetres, its more horizontal orientation, and the presence of additional anatomical structures that alter the direction of outflow. Studies have shown that complex and asymmetrical drainage trajectories contribute to mucus stasis and influence the clinical course. On this basis, a scoring system for assessing drainage function has been proposed, which allows patients to be stratified according to the complexity of drainage and enables the rational selection of treatment strategies ranging from conservative management to extensive surgical interventions, thereby improving the accuracy of preoperative planning.
GASOTRANSMITTERS AS MODULATORS OF THE NOCICEPTIVE AND ANTINOCICEPTIVE SYSTEMS
The article summarizes current data on the roles of nitrogen monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon monoxide in modulating nociceptive and antinociceptive systems. Currently, gasotransmitters are considered vital endogenous signaling molecules that regulate neuroinflammation, synaptic transmission, and pain sensitivity. For this analysis, contemporary experimental and review studies published in 2021–2026 and indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were used. It was established that nitrogen monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon monoxide can exhibit both pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects depending on their concentration, the localization of synthesis, and pathophysiological conditions. Gasotransmitters participate in peripheral and central sensitization, ion channel regulation, glial cell activation, and the development of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Concurrently, they can activate endogenous pain-suppression mechanisms via potassium channels, cGMP-dependent signaling pathways, and by restricting neuroinflammation. The accumulated data indicate that pharmacological modulation of gasotransmitter systems is a promising approach for developing novel analgesic agents to manage inflammatory and neuropathic pain syndromes.
ALARMINS TSLP, IL-25, IL-33 AS A TARGET FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC RECURRENT HERPETIC STOMATITIS
Chronic recurrent herpetic stomatitis is one of the most prevalent viral diseases of the oral mucosa, with incompletely understood pathogenesis. This review systematizes current evidence on the role of epithelial alarmins – thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin-33, and interleukin-25 – in the pathogenesis of chronic reccurent herpetic stomatitis. A concept of a self-perpetuating alarmin-driven pathogenetic cycle is proposed, along with immunological rationale for optimizing CRHS treatment by combining antiviral therapy with zinc supplementation and diode laser photobiomodulation.
PRINCIPLES OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS
Soft tissue sarcomas are rare malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin that differ substantially in histological structure, anatomical localization, biological behavior, and response to treatment. This review summarizes contemporary evidence on the diagnostic and surgical management of soft tissue sarcomas using publications from 2022 to 2026 and current clinical recommendations. The analysis confirms that effective management depends on early referral to specialized centers, high-quality imaging, planned biopsy, multidisciplinary decision-making, and complete tumor resection with histologically negative margins. Modern magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography, and image-guided biopsy improve staging, grading, and surgical planning. Limb-preserving surgery is now the preferred approach for most extremity tumors, while amputation is reserved for selected situations in which oncological safety or function cannot be achieved. Individualized postoperative surveillance remains essential for early detection of recurrence and metastasis.
PROJECTION FETAL ANATOMY OF THE ORGANS AND STRUCTURES OF THE LATERAL FACIAL REGION AND ADJACENT CERVICAL AREAS
Recently, there has been an increase in the incidence of congenital and acquired pathologies affecting the organs and structures of the head and neck regions. This trend underscores investigators' heightened interest in further elucidating their anatomical variability under both normal and pathological conditions. The determination of the projection relationships among the organs, fasciomuscular, and neurovascular formations of the lateral facial region and adjacent cervical areas was conducted on 22 human fetal specimens aged 4–10 months (81.0–375.0 mm crown-rump length). It was established that the development and establishment of topographic-anatomical relationships among the constituent structures of the lateral facial region and adjacent cervical areas during the human fetal period are under the combined influence of spatiotemporal factors. These factors are associated with the dynamics and close syntopic correlation of the organs, neurovascular, fascial-cellular, and osseous structures of the given regions. Furthermore, a significant individual and age-related anatomical variability of the organs, vessels, and nerves of the lateral facial region and adjacent cervical areas was identified in human fetuses, manifesting as variations in their shape, size, and topography.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE EYEBALL IN CONTUSION INJURY IN RABBITS
The purpose of the study was to investigate pathomorphological, morphometric, and densitometric changes in the structural elements of the eyeball (choroid and retinal neurons) in rabbits during modeled contusion syndrome, and to evaluate the comparative efficacy of l-lysine-(s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid 3-methyl-1,2,4-triazolyl-5-thioacetate 1 % and citicoline 2 % eye drops with hyaluronic acid. The study was performed on 20 California rabbits with modeled ocular contusion injury. Animals were treated with either l-lysine-(s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid 3-methyl-1,2,4-triazolyl-5-thioacetate 1 % or citicoline 2 % eye drops with hyaluronic acid 3 times a day. After 10 days, retinal sections were analyzed morphometrically and densitometrically using the VIDAS-386 system to evaluate nuclear area, RNA concentration, cell density, percentage of apoptotic neurons. Untreated ocular contusion injury led to pronounced retinal neurodegeneration, manifested by a significant decrease in neuronal density, nuclear area, RNA concentration, and thickness of all retinal layers, alongside a sharp increase in apoptosis. Both investigated drugs exerted a distinct neuroretinoprotective effect, stimulating transcriptional processes and decreasing apoptotic cell death. Notably, l-lysine- (s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid 3-methyl-1,2,4-triazolyl-5-thioacetate demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy over citicoline 2 % eye drops with hyaluronic acid, showing a statistically significant advantage in increasing retinal layers thickness, density of ganglion cells, bipolar cells. Course administration of l-lysine-(s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid 3-methyl-1,2,4-triazolyl-5-thioacetate 1 % eye drops shows high neuroretinoprotective potential, exceeding the reference drug citicoline 2 % eye drops with hyaluronic acid under conditions of experimental ocular trauma.
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVER MICROCIRCULATORY BED IN RATS UNDER LONGTERM USE OF CANNABIDIOL OIL AND HEMP SEED OIL
The study investigates the effect of long-term administration of cannabidiol oil and hemp seed oil on the state of the microcirculatory bed of the rat liver. The experiment was conducted on 80 male rats that received a cannabidiol oil and hemp seed oil as dietary supplements for 8 and 10 weeks. The article presents a comparative morphological characteristic with a morphometric assessment of the microcirculatory bed of the rat liver. The structural organization of the vascular compartment of the rat liver under long-term exposure to cannabidiol oil and hemp oil did not undergo dystrophic and necrotic changes. A significantly higher average diameter of interlobular veins and sinusoids was established in the cannabidiol oil experimental group compared to the hemp oil group (p <0.0001) and the control group (p <0.0001). The average diameters of the interlobular artery in the experimental groups of cannabidiol oil and hemp oil in the two series of the experiment did not differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). Dilatation of sinusoids and slight hyperemia of single central veins in the cannabidiol oil group in both series did not indicate impaired blood outflow from the hepatic lobule, morphological changes were mainly adaptive nature. Thus, the experimental administration of cannabidiol oil and hemp seed oil indicates the safety of use for 8 and 10 weeks.
EFFECT OF A THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE COMPLEX ON THE BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF RAT BLOOD SERUM UNDER CONDITIONS OF A CARIES-INDUCING DIET AND DIETARY VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY ON THE BACKGROUND AND DESTRUCTION OF JAW BONE TISSUE
This study was devoted to assessing the effect of the proposed therapeutic and prophylactic complex on the biochemical parameters of rat serum under conditions of a cariogenic diet and dietary vitamin D deficiency against a background of jawbone destruction. Experimental studies were conducted on 30 four-month-old male Wistar rats. During the experiment, the animals were divided into three groups of 10 rats each: Group 1 – intact animals; Group 2 – trauma to the lower jaw region in the projection of the molar roots and modeling of dietary vitamin D deficiency against a background of a high-sucrose cariogenic diet; Group 3 – pathology model and administration of the therapeutic and prophylactic complex. Modeling of the pathological condition resulted in a 27.8 % decrease in total calcium concentration, a 19.8 % decrease in inorganic phosphorus concentration, a 14.3 % decrease in total vitamin D level, a 1.5-fold reduction in magnesium concentration, and a 1.4-fold decrease in osteocalcin level, accompanied by a 1.4-fold increase in parathyroid hormone concentration. Administration of the proposed therapeutic and prophylactic complex contributed to the correction of the identified disorders and normalization of the studied parameters toward the values observed in intact animals.
MICROSCOPIC CHANGES IN THE VESSELS OF THE HEMOMICROCIRCULATORY BED OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS
Colorectal carcinogenesis remains one of the major challenges in experimental and clinical oncology. The aim of the study was to investigate morphological changes in the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the cerebral cortex in rats under conditions of experimental carcinogenesis. The study was performed on 30 outbred male white rats. The animals were divided into two groups: Group I consisted of 10 intact control animals, whereas Group II included 20 rats with experimentally induced colorectal adenocarcinoma in situ. Colorectal adenocarcinoma was induced using N,N-dimethylhydrazine hydrochloride dissolved in isotonic sodium chloride solution. The carcinogen was administered subcutaneously into the interscapular region at a dose of 7.2 mg/kg body weight once weekly for 30 weeks. It was established that experimental carcinogenesis induced pronounced alterative changes in the vessels of the microcirculatory bed of the cerebral cortex. Histologically, these alterations were manifested by uneven blood filling, blood stasis, erythrocyte sludge formation, and microthrombosis. Microvessels exhibited irregular blood filling, with signs of either dilation or marked vasospasm. The most prominent change was increased vascular permeability accompanied by the development of severe perivascular edema. The basement membrane was unevenly thickened, edematous, or condensed. Endothelial cells were swollen and vacuolated, exhibited hyperchromatic nuclei, and showed signs of desquamation.
EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE HOP EXTRACT ON GROWTH INTENSITY AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE LEVEL OF THE TRANSFORMANT STRAIN KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE
The effect of hop carbon dioxide extract on the growth and ampicillin resistance of the museum strain Klebsiella pneumoniae 5055 with an experimentally acquired beta-lactam antibiotic resistance plasmid from Escherichia coli "D"strain has been studied. The transfer of the antibiotic resistance plasmid to the specified strain has been confirmed by the method of horizontal gel electrophoresis, real-time polymerase chain reaction and when studying the antibiotic sensitivity profile by phenotypic methods. It was found that hop carbon dioxide extract produced a pronounced antimicrobial effect on the transformant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, but did not affect the level of its resistance to ampicillin. After analyzing the data of our studies, it can be assumed that the inhibitory effect of the carbonic acid hop extract on the growth of bacteria was not accompanied by an antiplasmid effect, since resistance to beta-lactams in the Klebsiella pneumoniae 5055+pECD strain was associated precisely with the acquisition of an ampicillin resistance plasmid by in vitro transformation.
ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANISM’S ADAPTATION MECHANISMS TO THE FUNCTIONAL LOAD OF SWIMMING BASED ON CHANGES IN HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
An experimental study of the adaptation mechanisms to the physical load of swimming was performed by analyzing the changes in the hematological parameters of rats` peripheral blood. Integrative markers of cellular immune inflammation were calculated based on the ratios between formed blood elements. At the beginning of the research, the resistance of rats to hypoxic hypoxia was determined. Medium-resistant animals were selected for the experiment. Then they were trained by swimming for 10 days using an additional load. At the end of the experiment, an increase in the resistance of these animals to hypoxic hypoxia was noted. An increase in the concentration of hemoglobin and erythrocyte indices was found during the analysis of red blood parameters. A decrease in segmented neutrophils, an increase in lymphocytes, and a decrease in thrombocytes were registered. In our analysis of the integrative markers related to cellular immune inflammation, we observed significant changes in all indicators reflecting the anti-inflammatory effects of the physical exercises we applied. Notably, there were no signs of overtraining and overload. The use of such markers is highly practical, as they provide an adequate, effective and available means of evaluating the organism`s adaptive potential when performing functional loads of various intensity and duration.
IMPACT OF RHEUMATOLOGIC DISEASES ON ALVEOLAR BONE DENSITY IN CHRONIC GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS
Rheumatic diseases are frequently accompanied by systemic inflammatory changes that impair bone metabolism and accelerate periodontal tissue destruction. Evaluating the relationship between skeletal bone loss and alveolar bone changes is important for improving the diagnosis and management of patients with combined rheumatic and periodontal disorders. This study included 102 patients with rheumatic diseases and chronic generalized periodontitis who underwent clinical and radiographic evaluation of bone status. Progressive bone loss was observed with increasing severity of periodontal disease, affecting both horizontal and vertical dimensions of the alveolar bone. The greatest reduction in bone mineral density occurred in the central region of bone lesions, while advanced disease was characterized by extensive multidirectional destruction extending beyond the alveolar process. These findings demonstrate a strong association between systemic reduction in bone mineral density and the severity of periodontal destruction, emphasizing the value of radiographic bone density assessment for the early identification of patients at increased risk of progressive bone loss and supporting an interdisciplinary approach to their clinical management.
DYNAMICS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE GLOMERULAR ZONE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN RATS DURING THE EARLY STAGES OF THE EXPERIMENT FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF A COMPLEX OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
This article presents the results of an experimental study of changes in the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex under the influence of a complex of food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, Ponceau 4R). The relevance of this work stems from the prevalence of endocrine pathology and the influence of exogenous factors on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The study was conducted on 84 white rats using morphological and morphometric methods. It was established that the glomerular zone undergoes pronounced destructive-degenerative changes: cellular disorganization, loss of lipid inclusions, nuclear pyknosis, and the formation of apoptotic bodies. The detected changes indicate impaired mineralocorticoid synthesis and, consequently, disturbances in water-electrolyte balance. The results obtained highlight the sensitivity of the glomerular zone to dietary xenobiotics and emphasize the importance of dietary factors in maintaining endocrine homeostasis, laying the groundwork for preventive strategies in clinical practice.
PHYSICAL THERAPY PROGRAM IN PATIENTS’ SURGERY DUE TO PERITONITIS IN THE EARLY POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
Mortality in peritonitis ranges from 9.2 to 37.5 % and has remained so over the past decades. We examined 165 patients with acute surgical pathology. The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 93 years. Men were – 75, women – 90. Conducting a rehabilitation program in the postoperative period in patients operated on for peritonitis contributes to the earliest restoration of the work of all vital organs and systems. Implementation of a rehabilitation program (early mobilization, breathing exercises and dosed active movements for the upper and lower extremities) 12–16 hours after the end of the surgical intervention, which were comprehensive and phased, contributed to the reduction of bronchopulmonary complications by 5.6 %, thrombosis by 3.2 %, early intestinal obstruction by 1.1 %. Conducting physical therapy should be focused on the individual characteristics of each patient, taking into account age, concomitant pathology, duration and volume of surgical intervention.
ASSESSMENT OF BLOOD COAGULATION SYSTEM STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH SENSORINEURAL HEARING IMPAIRMENTS WHO HAVE RECOVERED FROM COVID-19
COVID-19 is a systemic disease that affects various body systems, including the auditory system and the hemostatic system. Changes in platelet-vascular, coagulation, and fibrinolytic components of hemostasis were studied in 32 patients with sensorineural hearing impairments who had recovered from COVID-19 and 20 healthy individuals with normal hearing. Normalization of fibrinogen and ecarin time was established. An increase in soluble fibrin concentration was detected against the background of decreased D-dimer levels. This indicates the activation of the blood coagulation system and the inability of fibrinolysis to hydrolyze fibrin clots, which is indirectly confirmed by increased levels of RFMC. A decrease in protein C content was established, indicating intravascular thrombin generation, as a result of which there is an increase in prothrombin-1 and soluble fibrin concentration. Prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time against the background of changes in the aforementioned parameters is a manifestation of chronic consumptive coagulopathy. The absence of normalization of hemostasis parameters in patients who have recovered from COVID-19 is an unfavorable prognostic sign.
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION AND METABOLIC SYNDROME AS INTERRELATED MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS
Metabolic syndrome is a major contributor to erectile dysfunction through the combined effects of metabolic, vascular, hormonal, and cardiovascular disorders. This study assessed the clinical features of erectile dysfunction in men with metabolic syndrome by examining one hundred seventeen patients and comparing them with healthy men. Metabolic syndrome was identified in more than half of the patients and was most commonly associated with lipid metabolism disorders, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Men with metabolic syndrome had more severe erectile dysfunction, lower testosterone levels, impaired penile blood flow, and more frequent somatic and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Depressive symptoms were observed more often than anxiety symptoms, emphasizing the importance of psychological assessment. The findings demonstrate that erectile dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome has a multifactorial nature and support the need for comprehensive evaluation of metabolic, hormonal, vascular, and psychological factors to improve diagnosis and treatment.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL AND DISEASE ACTIVITY PARAMETERS IN JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS
Anemia is a frequent extra-articular manifestation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and may reflect persistent inflammatory activity. This study evaluated associations between hemoglobin level and clinical and laboratory indicators of disease activity in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The study included 80 patients aged 2–18 years and 20 apparently healthy children. Patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis had higher leukocyte, platelet, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein values and lower hemoglobin levels than the control group. Hemoglobin showed statistically significant negative correlations with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, platelet count, leukocyte count, neutrophil count, overall disease activity score, and involvement of several upper limb joints. These findings indicate that decreasing hemoglobin level may serve as an additional marker of inflammatory burden and more aggressive joint involvement in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, particularly in patients with polyarticular and systemic patterns of disease.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN QUALITY OF LIFE AND COGNITIVE STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLISM
According to the current WHO estimate, the share of alcohol in deaths in the Slovak Republic is 8.3 %, which represents 4,500 deaths per year in our country. The aim of the study was to examine the quality of life and cognitive status in patients with alcoholism. The study was attended by 100 respondents. The standardized questionnaires SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study 36–Item Short Form) and MMSE (Mini – Mental-State-Examination) were used to process the defined research objectives. The level of quality of life of male alcoholics was lower (86.8) than that of female alcoholics (106.82), however, in the area of cognitive function, the differences between men (18.66) and women (19.86) were minimal. In alcoholics younger than 40 years, the quality of life was higher (101.02) and in those older than 40 years (90.08) it reached a lower level. Differences were also found in the level of cognitive function, which in alcoholics younger than < 40 years was at a higher level (22.49) than in alcoholics older than 40 years (15.76).
PERIPAPILLARY MICROVASCULAR ALTERATIONS AFTER SILICONE OIL TAMPONADE ASSESSED BY OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY
Silicone oil tamponade is widely used in the surgical treatment of complex retinal disorders; however, its possible influence on the microcirculation of the optic nerve remains insufficiently investigated. This exploratory longitudinal study evaluated changes in peripapillary microcirculation after silicone oil removal in patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery with prolonged silicone oil tamponade. Twenty eyes of nineteen patients were followed after silicone oil removal and divided into two groups according to tamponade duration of one to six months and six to twelve months. Peripapillary microvascular parameters were assessed repeatedly during a twelve-month follow-up period. Both peripapillary vessel density and blood flow index demonstrated gradual improvement after silicone oil removal in both groups. Eyes with a shorter duration of silicone oil tamponade showed a more favorable pattern of microvascular recovery throughout follow-up. These findings suggest that prolonged silicone oil tamponade may be associated with slower restoration of peripapillary microcirculation after surgery.
ROLE OF NASOPHARYNGEAL STATUS IN THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 PRIMARY DIFFUSE CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS IN ADULT PATIENTS
The study was devoted to evaluating the role of the nasopharyngeal zone in the course and treatment of type 2 primary diffuse chronic rhinosinusitis in adults. A total of 339 patients were examined, of whom 68 (20.06 %) had concomitant chronic nasopharyngitis. At the second stage, 58 patients with chronic nasopharyngitis and 91 patients without it received standard therapy supplemented with the mucosal bacterial vaccine Lantigen B, whereas 36 control patients received standard treatment alone. Clinical, videoendoscopic, functional, microbiological, and immunological assessments were performed. Patients with chronic nasopharyngitis more frequently demonstrated grade I adenoid vegetations, greater clinical severity, pronounced nasopharyngeal dysbiosis, and middle-ear involvement. The addition of Lantigen B resulted in a significantly greater reduction in symptoms, normalization of the nasopharyngeal microbiome and secretory IgA levels in oropharyngeal secretions, and a lower incidence of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion, particularly in patients with concomitant chronic nasopharyngitis.
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, DIAGNOSIS, AND REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES OF ENDOMETRIAL POLYPS
Endometrial polyps are common benign endometrial lesions that may impair female reproductive function and are often asymptomatic, leading to delayed diagnosis. This study assessed the clinical features of endometrial polyps, their impact on reproductive outcomes, and diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness. Sixty-eight women with histologically confirmed endometrial polyps and twenty-four controls were examined. Evaluation included transvaginal ultrasonography, sonohysterography, and hysteroscopy. Treatments consisted of hormonal therapy and expectant management, with outcomes measured by polyp regression and recurrence. Abnormal uterine bleeding was the most frequent symptom, while some patients were asymptomatic. Multiple and larger polyps were associated with more severe clinical manifestations. Hormonal therapy showed variable efficacy, with combined oral contraceptives more effective than progestins. Hysteroscopy demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy, and recurrence was common. Endometrial polyps significantly affect reproductive health, especially in multiple lesions, emphasizing the need for accurate diagnosis and individualized management.