| About the author: |
V.M. Pomohaibo, O.I. Berezan, M.Y. Delva, A.V. Petrushov |
| Heading |
LITERATURE REVIEWS |
| Type of article |
Review article |
| Annotation |
The overview of publications concerning possibility of a transfer to human genome of genes of other organisms is provided. The horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is rather widespread in the nature, especially among prokaryotes as the tool of adaptive variability. Researchers are interested the HGT presence, prevalence and ability with a man in three directions – phylogenetic, medical and ecological.
The phylogenetic approach involves consideration of the HGT phenomenon to interpret a mechanism of human origin and evolution. Already initial sequence data of the human genome sequencing found in it 223 bacterial genes that were probably acquired during evolution of vertebrates. This fact is of interested because the human body is almost same microbial cells as its own. The first direct experimental confirmation of horizontal gene transfer in the human genome that is genome of vertebrates was received by Brazilian researcher group of Professor Antonio Teixeira in 2010 as a result of many years study of Chagas disease patients, which were caused by the unicellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. In the genome of healthy individuals whose ancestors were ill with Chagas disease, the researchers found Trypanosoma genes that were passed on to next generations. HGT was realized mainly by means of the LINE-1 transposons in almost all human chromosomes. Greatest number of foreign DNA insertions was found in chromosomes X, 1 and 7.
The medical approach is care for HGT using to devise gene therapy technology to treatment various hereditary diseases, mainly cancer. Currently there are only attempts to transfer normal genes in somatic cancer cells by means of diverse vectors (viruses, bacterial plasmids and mobile genetic elements) or as DNA fragments with a wanted gene. A normal gene is not yet possible to integrate into the patient genome and it functions as copies. The gene copy number in cells decreases over time as a result of cell division. As a result the treatment procedure will need to be repeated periodically. In addition, there are other problems of gene therapy: the low level of gene construct transfer into target cells, low levels of introduced gene expression, immune reactions to the vector protein, local and systemic inflammatory processes.
The ecological approach involves determining the degree of possible danger to human health to take food products of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and unpredictable consequences of the undesirable genes transfer from these organisms into wild nature. Studies have shown that the risk of GMO foods is much exaggerated. This is confirmed by the statistical data on a normal health and an increase of population in countries where more 15 years GMO products massively are applied, for example the United States and Canada.
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| Tags |
horizontal gene transfer, human genome, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms |
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| Publication of the article |
«World of Medicine and Biology» №2(60), 2017 year, 190-194 pages, index UDK 575.113 |
