FREQUENCY OF REFERRALS AND CLINICAL PROFILE OF CHILDREN WITH STRABISMUS AT THE TERTIARY LEVEL OF OPHTHALMOLOGICAL CARE IN AZERBAIJAN

Authors:

Abstract:

The highest frequency of referrals was observed among children aged 5–9 years (94.0±3.8 per 100,000). The second highest frequency was in children aged 0–4 years (85.9±3.9 per 100,000). A comparatively lower frequency of referrals was found in children aged 10–14 years (80.2±3.3 per 100,000). The frequency of hospitalization of children at the tertiary level for surgical treatment of strabismus was relatively low. In the 0–4 and 10–14 age groups, the hospitalization rates were almost the same, while in the 5–9 age group they were nearly twice as high. Despite the high level of primary referrals of children with strabismus to tertiary ophthalmological care (86.4±2.1 per 100,000 children), the frequency of hospitalization for surgical treatment was significantly lower (7.3±1.2 per 100,000 children). Referrals and hospitalizations of children with strabismus at the tertiary level are significantly higher in the 5–9 age group, with a persistent gender difference (male patients predominate). The clinical profile of patients with strabismus does not change significantly depending on age. The most characteristic features of the clinical profile are the type of strabismus, the age of diagnosis, and the probability of risk factors for strabismus.

Keywords:

strabismus children frequency of referrals tertiary ophthalmological care surgical treatment

References:

1. Adakhovska A, Katsan S. Prevalence of strabismus in premature infants in an age-related perspective. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2024 Sep;34(5):1384-1392. doi: 10.1177/11206721241229315.
2. Boulakh L, Nygaard B, Bek T, Faber J, Heegaard S, Toft PB, et al. Nationwide incidence of thyroid eye disease and cumulative incidence of strabismus and surgical interventions in denmark. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022 Jul 1;140(7):667-673. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1002.
3. Çapar SH, Karaman E, Kara E, Çapar O, Ahmet S, Cetin Kara H, et al. The effect of strabismus surgery on the dynamic balance in children with strabismus. Strabismus. 2024 Sep;32(3):149-158. doi: 10.1080/09273972.2024.2367070.
4. Fu L, Zhu B, Yang D, Yan J. Different Surgical Approaches for treatment of isolated dissociated vertical deviation without inferior oblique overaction. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022 Nov;32(6):3237-3243. doi: 10.1177/11206721221080000.
5. Genç Bozhöyük G, Rustamlı N, Bingöl Kızıltunç P, Atilla H. Strabismus Accompanying Pediatric Cataracts and the Effect of Cataract Surgery on Strabismus. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2025 Feb 27;55(1):24-28. doi: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2025.63060.
6. Glantz S.A. Primer of Biostatistics. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2012: 327. https://www.accessscience.com/content/book/9780071781503.
7. Gokoffski KK, Lifton J, Xu BY, Patel VR. Surgical Outcomes of Transposition Surgery for the Correction of Large-Angle Strabismus. J Neuroophthalmol. 2021 Dec 1;41(4):e806-e814. doi: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001372.
8. Gore J, Rath S, Ganesh S. Clinical profile of childhood exotropia in a tertiary eye care center in North India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023 Dec 1;71(12):3637-3641. doi: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_29_23.
9. Hajiyeva NR, Hajiyev R. Exotropia and amblyopia in children with high hypermetropia and astigmatism at birth: a new perspective on the pathogenesis of intermittent exotropia based on cases of siblings. Ophthalmology Cases & Hypotheses. 2025; 6(1). doi: 10.30546/2788-516X.2025.6.6.01.
10. Mo H, Chen D, Du Q, Tang F, Liang Y, Chen J. Observation on the curative effect of horizontal rectus transposition combining recess-resect treatment on monocular elevation deficiency with horizontal strabismus. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023 Feb;71(2):618-624. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1858_22.
11. Scaramuzzi M, Serafino M, Vagge A, Nuzzi A, Rao G, Nucci P. The Role of Hypertropia in the Surgical Management of Bilateral Inferior Oblique Muscle Overaction. J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil. 2022 Jan-Mar;72(1):18-21.
12. Wu J, Wang N. Prevalence and characteristics of amblyopia, strabismus, and refractive errors among patients aged 3-16 years in Shanghai, China: a hospital-based population study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2024 Jun 7;24(1):239. doi: 10.1186/s12886-024-03477-8.

Publication:

«World of Medicine and Biology» Vol. 22 No. 96 (2026) , с. 56-59
УДК 617.7-053.2.:616.831.4:614.2

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26724/2079-8334-2026-2-96-56-59