| Annotation |
The article presents current views on stem cells of endocrine glands in adults - pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal gland. Multipotent stem/progenitor cells of adenohypophysis are follicular stellate cells which express the S100, Sox9, Sox2 and Oct4, in culture form the primary and secondary "pituispheres". Pituitary progenitor cells of neurohypophysis by markers resemble oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In the thyroid gland of adults stem cells and progenitor cells of endodermal origin for T-thyrocytes are identified. They express ABCG2, nucleostemin and Oct4. C-thyrocytes express markers of neural tissue (Connexin43-LacZ, Wnt1-Cre/R26R, TuJ1, neurofilaments160, nestin, P75NTRі and Sox10). The surface of stem cells in parathyroid glands is positive for CD73, CD166, CD29, CD49a, CD49b, CD49d, CD44, CD105 and MHC class I. Stem cells of adrenal gland are localized in its cortex periphery and compose 0,01-0,64% of all cells in subcapsular zone. Their genetic analysis identified key signaling pathways Shh and Wnt, Wnt/B-Catenin. Evidence of progenitor cells subpopulation in the adrenal medulla of adults is presented. In perspective grown in culture endocrine progenitor cells of humans can be used to restore functions of endocrine glands. |
| Bibliography |
- Allaerts W. History and perspectives of pituitary folliculo–stellate cell research / W. Allaerts, H. Vankelecom // Eur. J. Endocrinol. – 2005. – Vol. 153(1). – P. 1–12.
- Adams M.S. Review: the role of neural crest cells in the endocrine system / M.S. Adams, M. Bronner–Fraser // Endocr. Pathol. – 2009. – Vol. 20(2). – P. 92–100.
- Almeida J.P. de Pituitary stem cells: review of the literature and current understanding // J.P. de Almeida, J.H. Sherman, R. Salvatori [et al.] // Neurosurgery. – 2010. – Vol. 67(3). – P. 770–780.
- Aiba M. Alteration of subcapsular adrenocortical zonation in humans with aging: the progenitor zone predominates over the previously well–developed zona glomerulosa after 40 years of age / M. Aiba, M. Fujibayashi //– 2011. – Vol. 59(5). – P. 557–564.
- Bilodeau S. Distinct developmental roles of cell cycle inhibitors p57Kip2 and p27Kip1 distinguish pituitary progenitor cell cycle exit from cell cycle reentry of differentiated cells / S. Bilodeau, A. Roussel-Gervais, J. Drouin // Mol. Cell Biol. – 2009.-Vol.29(7)-.P.1895–1908.
- Chen J. The adult pituitary contains a cell population displaying stem/progenitor cell and early embryonic characteristics / J. Chen, N. Hersmus, V. Van Duppen [et al.] //Endocrinology. – 2005. – Vol. 146(9). – P. 3985–3998.
- Chen J. The notch signaling system is present in the postnatal pituitary: marked expression and regulatory activity in the newly discovered side population / J. Chen, A. Crabbe, V. Van Duppen [et al.] // Mol. Endocrinol. – 2006. – Vol. 20(12). – P. 3293–3307.
- Chen J. Pituitary progenitor cells tracked down by side population dissection / J. Chen, L. Gremeaux, Q. Fu [et al.] // Stem Cells. – 2009. – Vol. 27(5). – P. 1182–1195.
- Chen C.Y. Regenerative potentials of the murine thyroid in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis: role of CD24 / C.Y. Chen, H. Kimura, M.A. Landek-Salgado [et al.] // Endocrinology. – 2009. – Vol. 150(1). – P. 492–499.
- Chen C.Y. Regenerative potentials of the murine thyroid in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis: role of CD24 / C.Y. Chen, H. Kimura, M.A. Landek-Salgado [et al.] // Endocrinology. – 2009. – Vol. 150(1). – P. 492–499.
- Chen C.Y. Regenerative potentials of the murine thyroid in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis: role of CD24 / C.Y. Chen, H. Kimura, M.A. Landek-Salgado [et al.] // Endocrinology. – 2009. – Vol. 150(1). – P. 492–499.
- Castinetti F. Pituitary stem cell update and potential implications for treating hypopituitarism / F. Castinetti, S.W. Davis, T. Brue [et al.] // Endocr. Rev. – 2011. – Vol. 32(4). – P. 453–471
- Devnath S. An insight to pituitary folliculo–stellate cells / S. Devnath, K. Inoue // J. Neuroendocrinol. – 2008. – Vol. 20(6). -P.687–691.
- Dunn J.C. Transplantation of adrenal cortical progenitor cells enriched by Nile red / J.C. Dunn, Y. Chu, H.H. Qin [et al.] // J. Surg. Res. – 2009. – Vol. 156(2). – P. 317–324.
- Drouin J. Stem cells, differentiation and cell cycle control in pituitary / J. Drouin, S. Bilodeau, A. Roussel–Gervais // Front. Horm. Res. – 2010. – Vol. 38. – P. 15–24.
- Davies T.F. Clinical review: The emerging cell biology of thyroid stem cells / T.F. Davies, R. Latif, N.C. Minsky [et al.] // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. – 2011. – Vol. 96(9). – P. 2692–2702.
- Ehrhart–Bornstein M. Chromaffin progenitor cells from the adrenal medulla / M. Ehrhart–Bornstein, V. Vukicevic, K.F. Chung [et al.] // Cell Mol. Neurobiol. – 2010. – Vol. 30(8). – P. 1417–1423.
- El Wakil A. The Wnt/beta–catenin pathway in adrenocortical development and cancer / A. El Wakil, T. Lalli // Mol. Cell Endocrinol. – 2011. – Vol. 332(1–2). – P. 32–37.
-
Fierabracci А. Identification of an adult stem/progenitor cell–like population in the human thyroid / А. Fierabracci, М.А. Puglisi, L. Giuliani [et al.] // J. Endocrinol. – 2008. – Vol. 198(3). – P. 471–487.
-
Florio T. Adult pituitary stem cells: from pituitary plasticity to adenoma development / T. Florio // Neuroendocrinology. – 2011. – Vol. 94(4). – P. 265–277.
-
Fu Q.The adult pituitary shows stem/progenitor cell activation in response to injury and is capable of regeneration // Q.Fu, L. Gremeaux, R.M. Luque [et al.] // Endocrinology. – 2012. – Vol. 153(7). – P. 3224–3235.
-
Fu Q. Regenerative Capacity of the Adult Pituitary: Multiple Mechanisms of Lactotrope Restoration After Transgenic Ablation / Q.Fu, H.Vankelecom H. // Stem Cells Dev. – 2012. – Vol.21(18). – P. 3245–3257.
-
Gleiberman A.S. Genetic approaches identify adult pituitary stem cells / A.S. Gleiberman, T.Michurina, J.M. Encinas [et al.] // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. – 2008. – Vol. 105(17). – P. 6332–6337.
-
Gholamrezanezhad A. Is there any benefit in generating thyrocytes from stem cells? / A. Gholamrezanezhad, S. Mirpour, S. Kolahdoozan // Polish J. Endocrinol. – 2009. – Vol. 60 (5). – P. 422–423.
-
Gremeaux L. Activated phenotype of the pituitary stem/progenitor cell compartment during the early–postnatal maturation phase of the gland / L. Gremeaux, Q. Fu, J. Chen [et al.] // Stem Cells Dev. – 2012. – Vol. 21(5). – P. 801–813.
-
Horvath E. Folliculo–stellate cells of the human pituitary: a type of adult stem cell? / E. Horvath, K.Kovacs K. // Ultrastruct Pathol. – 2002. – Vol. 26(4). – P. 219–228.
-
Horvath E. Folliculo–stellate cells of the human pituitary as adult stem cells: examples of their neoplastic potential / E. Horvath, C.I. Coire, K. Kovacs [et al.] // Ultrastruct. Pathol. – 2010. – Vol. 34(3). – P. 133–139.
-
Huang C.C. Progenitor cell expansion and organ size of mouse adrenal is regulated by sonic hedgehog / C.C. Huang, S. Miyagawa, D. Matsumaru [et al.] // Endocrinology. – 2010. – Vol. 151(3). – P. 1119–1128.
-
Hur S.C. Label–free enrichment of adrenal cortical progenitor cells using inertial microfluidics / S.C. Hur, T.Z. Brinckerhoff, C.M. Walthers [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2012. – Vol. 7(10). – 46550 р.
-
Kashirina N.K. The morphological and functional basis of the new conception about the suprarenal cortex regeneration / N.K. Kashirina // Medicina (Kaunas). – 2003. – Vol. 39(10). – P. 951–954.
-
Kim A.C. Adrenocortical cells with stem/progenitor cell properties: recent advances / A.C. Kim, G.D. Hammer // Mol. Cell Endocrinol. – 2007. – Vol. 265–266. – P.10–16.
-
Kim A.C. In search of adrenocortical stem and progenitor cells / A.C.Kim, F.M. Barlaskar, J.H. Heaton [et al.] // Endocr. Rev. – 2009. – Vol. 30(3). – P. 241–263.
-
King P. Shh signaling regulates adrenocortical development and identifies progenitors of steroidogenic lineages / P. King, A. Paul, E. Laufer // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. – 2009. – Vol. 106(50). – P. 21185–21190.
-
Klonisch T. Thyroid stem cells and cancer / T. Klonisch, C. Hoang–Vu, S. Hombach–Klonisch // Thyroid. – 2009. – Vol. 19(12). – P. 1303–1315.
-
Kim G.L. Generation of immortal cell lines from the adult pituitary: role of cAMP on differentiation of SOX2–expressing progenitor cells to mature gonadotropes / G.L. Kim, X. Wang, J.A. Chalmers [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2011. – Vol. 6(11). – 27799 р.
-
Kikuchi M. Immunohistochemical localization of anterior pituitary hormones in S–100 protein-positive cells in the rat pituitary gland / M. Kikuchi, M. Yatabe, Y. Tando [et al.] // Cell Tissue Res. – 2011. – Vol. 345(3). – P. 425–429.
-
Lin R.Y. New insights into thyroid stem cells / R.Y. Lin // Thyroid. – 2007. – Vol. 17(10). – P. 1019–1023.
-
Lichtenauer U.D. The side population phenomenon enriches for designated adrenocortical progenitor cells in mice / U.D. Lichtenauer, I. Shapiro, S. Sackmann [et al.] // J. Endocrinol. – 2012. – Vol. 215(3). – P. 383–391.
-
Mitani F. The undifferentiated cell zone is a stem cell zone in adult rat adrenalcortex / F. Mitani, K. Mukai, H. Miyamoto [et al.] // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. – 2003. – Vol. 1619(3). – P. 317–324.
-
Malaguarnera R. Insulin receptor isoforms and insulin–like growth factor receptor in human follicular cell precursors from papillary thyroid cancer and normal thyroid / R. Malaguarnera, F. Frasca, A. Garozzo [et al. ] // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. – 2011. – Vol. 96(3). – P. 766–774.
-
Muranishi Y. An essential role for Rax in retina and neuroendocrine system development / Y. Muranishi, K. Terada, T. Furukawa // Dev. Growth Differ. – 2012. – Vol. 54(3). – P. 341–348.
-
Nagai Y. Bovine anterior pituitary progenitor cell line expresses interleukin (IL) –18 and IL–18 receptor / Y. Nagai, H. Ogasawara, Y. Taketa [et al.] // J. Neuroendocrinol. – 2008. – Vol. 20(11). – P. 1233–1241.
-
Pignatelli D. Proliferation of capsular stem cells induced by ACTH in the rat adrenalcortex / D. Pignatelli, J. Ferreira, P. Vendeira [et al.] // Endocr. Res. – 2002. – Vol. 28(4). – P. 683–691.
-
Rizzoti K. Adult pituitary progenitors/stem cells: from in vitro characterization to in vivo function / K. Rizzoti // Eur. J. Neurosci. – 2010. – Vol. 32(12). – P. 2053–2062.
-
Simon D.P. Adrenocortical stem and progenitor cells: implications for adrenocortical carcinoma / D.P. Simon, G.D. Hammer / Mol. Cell Endocrinol. – 2012. – Vol. 351(1). – P. 2–11.
-
Sasai Y. In vitro organogenesis in three dimensions: self-organising stem cells / Y. Sasai, M. Eiraku, H. Suga // Development. – 2012. – Vol. 139(22). – P. 4111–4121.
-
Thomas D. Thyroid stem cells: lessons from normal development and thyroid cancer / D. Thomas, S. Friedman, R.Y. Lin // Endocr. Relat. Cancer. – 2008. – Vol. 15(1). – P. 51–58.
-
Virard I. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells generate pituicytes in vivo during neurohypophysis development / I. Virard, D. Coquillat, M. Bancila [et al.] // Glia. – 2006. – Vol. 53(3). – P. 294–303.
-
Virard I. Characterization of heterogeneous glial cell populations involved in dehydration–induced proliferation in the adult rat neurohypophysis / I. Virard, O. Gubkina, F. Alfonsi [et al.] // Neuroscience. – 2008. – Vol. 151(1). – P. 82–91.
-
Vankelecom H. Pituitary stem/progenitor cells: embryonic players in the adult gland? / H. Vankelecom // Eur. J. Neurosci. – 2010. – Vol. 32(12). P. 2063–2081.
-
van Rijn S.J. Identification and characterisation of side population cells in the canine pituitary gland / S.J. van Rijn, L. Gremeaux, F.M. Riemers [et al.] // Vet. J. – 2012. – Vol. 192(3). – P. 476–482.
-
Weiss S. Evidence for a progenitor cell population in the human pituitary / S. Weiss, F.A. Siebzehnrübl, J. Kreutzer [et al.] // Clin. Neuropathol. – 2009. – Vol. 28(4). – P. 309–318.
-
Woods Ignatoski K.M. Directed trans–differentiation of thymus cells into parathyroid–like cells without genetic manipulation // K.M. Woods Ignatoski, E.L. Bingham, L.K. Frome [et al.] // Tissue Eng. Part C Methods. – 2011. – Vol. 17(11). – P. 1051–1059.
-
Wood M.A. Adrenocortical stem and progenitor cells: unifying model of two proposed origins / M.A. Wood, G.D. Hammer // Mol. Cell Endocrinol. – 2011. – Vol. 336(1–2). – P. 206–212.
-
Yoshida S. Significant quantitative and qualitative transition in pituitary stem progenitor cells occurs during the postnatal development of the rat anterior pituitary / S. Yoshida, T. Kato, H. Yako [et al.] // J. Neuroendocrinol. – 2011. – Vol. 23(10). – P. 933–943.
Dupin E. Neural crest progenitors and stem cells // E. Dupin, G. Calloni, C. Real [et al.] //C. R. Biol.-2007.-Vol. 330(6–7). -P. 521–529.
- De Felice M. Minireview: Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in thyroid gland development: an update / M. De Felice, R. Di Lauro // Endocrinology. – 2011. – Vol. 152(8). – P. 2948–2956.
- Fang S.H. Expansion of a cell population expressing stem cell markers in parathyroid glands from patients with hyperparathyroidism / S.H. Fang, J.A. Guidroz, Y. O'Malley [et al.] //Ann. Surg. - 2010. – Vol. 251(1). – P. 107–113.
- Fierabracci A. Identifying thyroid stem/progenitor cells: advances and limitations / А. Fierabracci // J. Endocrinol. – 2012. – Vol. 213(1). – P. 1–13.
- Gibelli B. Thyroid stem cells–danger or resource? / B. Gibelli, A. El–Fattah, G. Giugliano [et al.] // Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital. – 2009. – Vol. 29(6). – P. 290–295.
- Garcia–Lavandeira M. A GRFa2/Prop1/stem (GPS) cell niche in the pituitary / M. Garcia–Lavandeira, V. Quereda, I. Flores [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2009. – Vol. 4(3). – 4815 р.
- Hoshi N. Side population cells in the mouse thyroid exhibit stem/progenitor cell–like characteristics / N. Hoshi, T. Kusakabe, B.J. Taylor [et al.] // Endocrinology. – 2007. – Vol. 148(9). – P. 4251–4258.
- Inoue K. Are folliculo–stellate cells in the anterior pituitary gland supportive cellsor organ–specific stem cells? / K. Inoue, C.Mogi, S. Ogawa [et al.] // Arch. Physiol. Biochem. – 2002. – Vol. 110(1–2). – P. 50–53.
- Kameda Y. Expression of the epithelial marker E–cadherin by thyroid C cells and their precursors during murine development // Y. Kameda, T. Nishimaki, O. Chisaka [et al.] // J. Histochem. Cytochem. - 2007. – Vol. 55(10). – P. 1075–1088.
- Lan L. Isolation, proliferation and differentiation of thyroid stem cell from human thyroid nodule tissue / L. Lan, D. Cui, B.Y. Shi [et al.] // Zhonghua Yi. Xue. Za. Zhi. – 2012. – Vol. 92(12). – P. 806–810.
- Norlin S. Fibroblast growth factor signaling is required for the proliferation and patterning of progenitor cells in the developing anterior pituitary / S. Norlin, U. Nordström, T. Edlund // Mech. Dev. – 2000. – Vol. 96(2). – P. 175–182.
- Nawrot I. Allotransplantation of cultured parathyroid progenitor cells without immunosuppression: clinical results / I. Nawrot, B. Woźniewicz, T. Tołłoczko [et al.] // Transplantation. – 2007. – Vol. 83(6). – P. 734–740.
- Ozaki T. Thyroid regeneration: characterization of clear cells after partial thyroidectomy / T. Ozaki, T. Matsubara, D. Seo [et al.] // Endocrinology. – 2012. – Vol. 153(5). – P. 2514–2525.
- Rizzoti K. SOX2–expressing progenitor cells generate all of the major cell types in the adult mouse pituitary gland / K. Rizzoti, M. Dattani, R. Lovell–Badge [et al.] //Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. – 2008. – Vol. 105(8). – P. 2907–2912.
- Shih Y.R. ShihIsolation and characterization of stem cells from the human parathyroid gland // Y.R. Shih, T.K. Kuo, A.H. Yang [et al.] //Cell Prolif. – 2009. – Vol. 42(4). – P. 461–470.
- Thomas T. Expression of endoderm stem cell markers: evidence for the presence of adult stem cells in human thyroid glands / T. Thomas, K. Nowka, L. Lan [et al.] // Thyroid. – 2006. – Vol. 16(6). – P. 537–544.
- Toni R. Ex situ bioengineering of bioartificial endocrine glands: a new frontier in regenerative medicine of soft tissue organs / R. Toni,A. Tampieri, N. Zini [et al.] // Ann. Anat. – 2011. – Vol. 193(5). – P. 381–394.
- Vankelecom H. Stem cells in the postnatal pituitary? / H. Vankelecom // Neuroendocrinology. – 2007. – Vol. 85(2). – P. 110–130.
- Woods Ignatoski K.M. Differentiation of precursors into parathyroid–like cells for treatment of hypoparathyroidism / K.M. Woods Ignatoski, E.L. Bingham, L.K. Frome [et al.] // Surgery. – 2010. – Vol. 148(6). – P. 1186–1190.
- Yokoyama K. Somatotropes maintain their immature cells through Insulin–like growth factor I (IGF-I) / K. Yokoyama, C. Mogi, K. Miura [et al.] // Endocr. Pathol. – 2007. – Vol. 18(3). – P. 174–181.
- Zhu X. Sustained Notch signaling in progenitors is required for sequential emergence of distinct cell lineages during organogenesis // X. Zhu, J. Zhang, J. Tollkuhn [et al.] // Genes Dev. – 2006. – Vol. 20(19). – P. 2739–2753.
|
